The LGBTQ+ Movement in Europe

Although same-sex relationships were quite common in ancient Greece, Rome, and pagan Celtic societies, severe laws against homosexual behavior emerged once Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. European authorities deemed homosexual acts, referred to as sodomy, as capital crimes, leading them to execute thousands of gay men during waves of persecution over the centuries. Although they less frequently punished lesbian relationships, they still persecuted and executed many women.

For centuries, LGBTQ+ individuals had to live hidden lives due to strong moral and social disapproval from heteronormative societies across Europe. It wasn’t until the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement began in 1969 that significant change started to occur.

Today, LGBTQ+ rights in Europe vary widely by country. Sixteen of the 28 countries worldwide that have legalized same-sex marriage are located in Europe. An additional thirteen European countries have legalized civil unions or other forms of limited recognition for same-sex couples

According to Gallup, several leading European countries are among the most LGBTQ+ friendly in the world. Countries such as the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, and Denmark rank highly on various lists for their progressive attitudes and policies.

What Makes a Country LGBTQ+ Friendly?

The Spartacus Gay Travel Index ranks the 12 most LGBTQ+ friendly countries in Europe. This annual study, which has been gathering data since 2012, evaluates countries based on laws, safety, local attitudes, and more. Progressive European nations with thriving LGBTQ+ communities have typically legalized same-sex marriage, gender transition, and adoption for same-sex couples. Additionally, policies such as official pride parades and LGBTQ+ neighborhoods contribute to creating safe spaces for community members and allowing them to celebrate their identities.

What is it Like to Be LGBTQ+ in Europe?

According to Gallup, European countries dominate the list of the most LGBTQ+ friendly and hospitable nations. Remarkably, the Netherlands legalized homosexuality as early as the 1800s! Many European countries known for their progressive values have made significant strides in ensuring LGBTQ+ rights, equality, and safety over the past two decades, and now stand among the most LGBTQ+ friendly in Europe.

If you’re considering a move, explore some of the most LGBTQ+ friendly countries in Europe to find a welcoming and supportive environment.

Germany welcomes the LGBTQ+ community with open arms, boasting a vibrant gay scene in Berlin and a number of openly LGBTQ+ politicians. This cultural hub offers excellent views, high-quality food, and robust public services, including education and transportation.

LGBTQ+ Rights in Germany
Germany passed several anti-discrimination laws in 1991, including legal gender change rights and hate crime protections. Same-sex marriage was legalized in 2017, and in 2020, the country formally recognized a third gender option. Germany also banned conversion therapy for minors and lifted restrictions on blood donations in 2023.

With around 30 pride events annually, including Berlin Pride, Cologne Carnival, and Munich Oktoberfest, Germany boasts a rich LGBTQ+ culture. Cities like Berlin feature vibrant LGBTQ+ nightlife and neighborhoods such as Schoenberg and Kreuzberg provide safe spaces and support for LGBTQ+ businesses.

The Netherlands is widely recognized as one of the world’s most progressive countries and consistently ranks as a top destination for expatriates. Amsterdam, its capital, is a celebrated LGBTQ+ hotspot. The country boasts stunning landscapes and a number of top-tier universities that are LGBTQ+ friendly.

LGBTQ+ Rights in the Netherlands
As the first country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage in 2001, the Netherlands has long been a leader in LGBTQ+ tolerance and acceptance. Laws protect LGBTQ+ individuals by fully recognizing same-sex adoption and allowing transgender people to change their gender on official documents, regardless of whether they undergo gender reassignment procedures.

Besides Amsterdam, cities such as Amstelveen, Rotterdam, Utrecht, The Hague, and Scheveningen offer a range of LGBTQ+ friendly clubs, shops, bars, hotels, and restaurants. Amsterdam hosts the annual Gay Pride Amsterdam, featuring a vibrant nightlife and numerous LGBTQ+ events throughout the year.

Portugal offers numerous benefits, including a warm climate, friendly people, low cost of living, quality education, and public healthcare. It is also one of the safest countries with progressive LGBTQ+ policies.

LGBTQ+ Rights in Portugal
Portugal legalized same-sex marriage in 2010, and foreign same-sex couples with one partner holding permanent residency can apply for a two-year residence permit. Marriage to a Portuguese citizen allows eligibility for Portuguese citizenship after three years. Same-sex adoption was legalized in 2016, and same-sex couples have equal access to IVF treatments. Additionally, inheritance tax is exempt for same-sex couples and their children.

The Gender Identity Law of 2011 is one of the most progressive in the world. Lisbon boasts a vibrant LGBTQ+ scene with neighborhoods like Príncipe Real and Bairro Alto, as well as prominent events like Lisbon Pride and Lisbon Gay Film Festival.

Sweden is renowned for its high quality of life, excellent public transport, and top-tier healthcare system. With its beautiful landscapes and low pollution levels, Sweden is an attractive place to live.

LGBTQ+ Rights in Sweden
Sweden ranks among the top LGBTQ+ friendly countries in Europe. It legalized gender change in 1972 and same-sex marriage in 2009. Same-sex couples have adoption rights, and LGBTQ+ communities receive strong support in academic and educational institutions.

Sweden hosts about 50 pride events annually, including Gothenburg and Stockholm Pride. Despite lacking official LGBTQ+ villages, Sweden’s inclusive environment means that LGBTQ+ individuals often mingle freely in various venues.

Norway is known for its strong economy, low crime rates, universal healthcare, and highly regarded educational system. It is also one of the most LGBTQ+ friendly countries globally.

LGBTQ+ Rights in Norway
Norway has high social acceptance and robust anti-discrimination laws. Same-sex marriage was legalized in 2009, and adoption rights were granted the same year. The country also allows legal gender change and has inclusive military policies.

With over 30 pride events annually, including Oslo Pride Festival and Tromsø Arctic Pride, Norway’s LGBTQ+ community is active and supported. Although there are few official LGBTQ+ villages, Oslo hosts many popular LGBTQ+ venues.

France is celebrated for its high quality of life, excellent public transport, accessible education, and a strong expatriate community. The country also provides excellent healthcare and a relatively low cost of living.

LGBTQ+ Rights in France
France legalized homosexuality in 1791 and introduced anti-discrimination laws between 1982 and 2012. In 2013, the country legalized same-sex marriage, followed by the right to change gender without surgery in 2017. By 2021, IVF treatments became available to lesbian couples, marking another step forward in equality.

Paris Pride and Magical Pride in Disneyland Paris are major LGBTQ+ events, with notable gay scenes in Lyon, Toulouse, and Biarritz. The Le Marais district in Paris is particularly famous for its vibrant LGBTQ+ nightlife.

Belgium is a popular tourist destination known for its high standard of living, low crime rates, and rich culinary and architectural heritage. It was the second country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage.

LGBTQ+ Rights in Belgium
Belgium decriminalized same-sex relations in 1795 and was among the first to adopt transgender and anti-discrimination laws. Gender reassignment surgeries are well-regarded, and gender change rights were legally recognized in 2007.

Belgium hosts around four pride events yearly. Major cities feature a lively LGBTQ+ scene, with numerous clubs and bars offering vibrant spaces for the community.

Denmark consistently ranks among the happiest countries in the world, celebrated for its social equality and strong sense of community. The country provides high-quality education and free healthcare, and many consider it one of the safest places to live.

LGBTQ+ Rights in Denmark
Denmark was one of the first countries to recognize same-sex unions in 1989 and legalized same-sex marriage in 2012. The country also permits joint adoption for same-sex couples and has anti-hate crime laws protecting the LGBTQ+ community.

Copenhagen features a thriving LGBTQ+ scene with annual events like Copenhagen Pride. Popular spots include G-Bar and Oscar, and the country is home to LGBTQ+ friendly universities.

Spain is celebrated for its gastronomy, dynamic art scene, and cultural richness. The country offers numerous job opportunities, widespread English usage, and a low cost of living, making it a popular choice for expatriates.

LGBTQ+ Rights in Spain
Spain decriminalized homosexuality in 1979 and became the third country to legalize same-sex marriage in 2005, following the Netherlands and Belgium. Comprehensive anti-discrimination laws were implemented in 1995, and the Trans Law of 2023 simplified gender recognition procedures.

Spain hosts one of the world’s largest LGBTQ+ pride celebrations, attracting over 1.5 million people annually. Madrid, Barcelona, and Gran Canaria have vibrant LGBTQ+ communities, with popular destinations including Ibiza and Sitges.

Iceland attracts expatriates with its high life expectancy, low crime rates, gender equality, and outstanding educational system. The country also offers breathtaking landscapes and a lively arts and nightlife scene.

LGBTQ+ Rights in Iceland
Iceland legalized homosexuality in 1940 and unanimously approved same-sex marriage in 2010. Between 1996 and 2018, lawmakers enacted various anti-discrimination laws and established recognition for a third gender option.

Despite its small population, Iceland hosts two pride events annually, with Reykjavik Pride being the largest. In the city, the LGBTQ+ scene thrives with LGBTQ+ individuals freely mingling across a range of social spaces.

What It's Like to Be an Expat in Europe

Living as an expatriate in Europe presents a wealth of opportunities, whether you're seeking employment or looking to start a business. The continent stands out for its excellent working conditions, high quality of life, and exceptional healthcare systems.  Europe’s rich history and diverse cultures make it a top destination for both tourists and expats alike. The Schengen Agreement makes travel within the continent effortless, allowing seamless movement between countries and enhancing the European living experience. The continent also boasts a robust public transportation infrastructure, making it easy to explore its cities and regions. With all these advantages, it's no surprise that Europe attracts up to 3 million foreign nationals each year, all eager to immerse themselves in everything the continent has to offer.  When it comes to LGBTQ+ equality, Europe leads the way, with Malta, Iceland, and Belgium ranking as the top three countries according to ILGA-Europe. Western Europe, in particular, is often viewed as one of the most progressive regions globally for LGBTQ+ individuals, offering a welcoming and inclusive environment for people from all walks of life.

Living in Europe: A Safe Haven for Expats, Especially LGBTQ+

Europe stands out as an attractive destination for expatriates, offering numerous benefits ranging from a high quality of life to exceptional public services. However, one of the most significant advantages, particularly for the LGBTQ+ community, is the security and equal rights that many countries in the region provide.

According to ILGA-Europe, the European branch of the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, and Intersex Association, Europe is home to some of the most progressive nations in terms of LGBTQ+ rights. The 2024 Rainbow Map ranks Malta at the top with an impressive 88 out of 100 points, marking its consistent leadership in LGBTQ+ equality. Iceland follows closely with 83 points. Among the best-ranked European Union countries are Belgium, Luxembourg, Spain, Denmark, Finland, and Greece, all scoring above 70 points. In northern and western Europe, countries firmly establish LGBTQ+ rights. Conversely, Russia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey rank low, with Poland scoring lowest in the EU after a decade under PiS rule.

Living in Europe brings many benefits, but the security and protection offered to the LGBTQ+ community stand out as one of the most crucial. Everyone deserves to live in a place where they have equal rights and freedoms, regardless of their sexuality, gender, or expression. Europe, particularly in its northern and western regions, continues to lead the way in creating safe and inclusive environments for all.